14.2

Bruce, Here's one. Smoke signals, referred to by some authors as "native telegraphy." //Source(s): *Diary of a Visit of Inspection of the Texas Missions Made by Fray Gaspar Jose de Solis in the Year// 1767-1768,* translated by Margaret K. Kress with Introductory by Mattie Austin Hatcher, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1, July, 1931. A description of smoke signals among the Karankawa. "They are very sagacious and cautious; and they send messages by smoke signals, some signals calling them together, others warning them to flee, others giving notice of anything new. The proper Smoke for each being given, as soon as one gets the message he passes it to another; and he, in turn, gives it to those who follow; and, in a very short time, whatever news there is has been made known and forwarned in the province. //Source(s): Gatschet, Albert S.; "The Karankawa Indians," Papers of the Peabody Museum, Volume 1, 1888-1904.// More on the Karankawa. "On clear days, generally at noon, they signalled news by columns of Smoke from their camp Fires which were started from small pits in the ground, every Indian having a Fire in front of his lodge. The column of Smoke was made to ascend in more than twenty different ways, sometimes diverging or curling in spirals, sometimes rising up in parallel lines. Some looked like the letters V and Y others resembled spiral lines, or two parallel zigzag lines moving upward, or twin columns standing close to each other." //Source(s): Cremony, John C.; *Life Among the Apaches,* A. Roman and Company, San Francisco, 1868.// Smoke signals and the Apache. "Smokes are of various kinds, each one significant of a particular object. A sudden puff, rising into a graceful column from the mountain heights, and almost as suddenly losing its identity by dissolving into the rarified atmosphere of those heights, simply indicates the presence of a strange party upon the plains below; but if those columns are rapidly multiplied and repeated, they serve as a warning to show that the travelers are well armed and numerous. If a steady Smoke is maintained for some time, the object is to collect the scattered bands of savages at some designated point, with hostile intentions, should it be practicable. These signals are made at night, in the same order, by the use of Fires, which being kindled, are either alternately exposed and shrouded from view, or suffered to burn steadily as occasion may require." Bill Crawford (krunchy@bga.com)
 * Dead medium: Native American Smoke Signals**
 * From: krunchy@bga.com (Bill Crawford)**